@article {3457,
	title = {Geomagnetic field intensity: How high can it get? How fast can it change? Constraints from Iron Age copper slag},
	journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters},
	volume = {301},
	year = {2011},
	note = {712CM Times Cited:25 Cited References Count:43},
	pages = {297-306},
	type = {Journal Article},
	abstract = {The intensity of the geomagnetic field varies over different time scales. Yet, constraints on the maximum intensity of the field as well as for its maximum rate of change are inadequate due to poor temporal resolution and large uncertainties in the geomagnetic record. The purpose of this study is to place firm limits on these fundamental properties by constructing a high-resolution archaeointensity record of the Levant from the 11th century to the early 9th century BCE, a period over which the geomagnetic field reached its maximum intensity in Eurasia over the past 50,000 years. We investigate a C-14-dated sequence of ten layers of slag material, which accumulated within an ancient industrial waste mound of an Iron Age copper-smelting site in southern Israel. Depositional stratigraphy constrains relative ages of samples analyzed for paleointensity, and C-14 dates from different horizons of the mound constrain the age of the whole sequence. The analysis yielded 35 paleointenisty data points with accuracy better than 94\% and precision better than 6\%, covering a period of less than 350 years, most probably 200 years. We construct a new high-resolution quasi-continuous archaeointensity curve of the Levant that displays two dramatic spikes in geomagnetic intensity, each corresponding to virtual axial dipole moment (VADM) in excess of 200 ZAm(2). The geomagnetic spikes rise and fall over a period of less than 30 years and are associated with VADM fluctuations of at least 70 ZAm2. Thus, the Levantine archaeomagnetic record places new constraints on maximum geomagnetic intensity as well as for its rate of change. Yet, it is not clear whether the geomagnetic spikes are local non-dipolar features or a geomagnetic dipolar phenomenon. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {archaeomagnetism paleomagnetism paleointensity secular variations iron age slag timna archaeometallurgy radiocarbon c-14 thellier submarine basaltic glass earths core secular variation dipole-moment paleointensity millennia holocene curves models flows},
	issn = {0012-821X},
	doi = {Doi 10.1016/J.Epsl.2010.11.013},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://WOS:000286640400030},
	author = {Shaar, R. and Ben-Yosef, E. and Ron, H. and Tauxe, L. and Agnon, A. and Kessel, R.}
}
